HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE - Continuing to collect World Class Science

DAILY REPORT    # 4266

PERIOD COVERED: UT December 22,23,24,25, 2006 (DOY 356,357,358,359)

OBSERVATIONS SCHEDULED

NIC1/NIC2/NIC3 8794

NICMOS Post-SAA calibration - CR Persistence Part 5

A new procedure proposed to alleviate the CR-persistence problem of
NICMOS. Dark frames will be obtained immediately upon exiting the SAA
contour 23, and every time a NICMOS exposure is scheduled within 50
minutes of coming out of the SAA. The darks will be obtained in parallel
in all three NICMOS Cameras. The POST-SAA darks will be non-standard
reference files available to users with a USEAFTER date/time mark. The
keyword 'USEAFTER=date/time' will also be added to the header of each
POST-SAA DARK frame. The keyword must be populated with the time, in
addition to the date, because HST crosses the SAA ~8 times per day so
each POST-SAA DARK will need to have the appropriate time specified, for
users to identify the ones they need. Both the raw and processed images
will be archived as POST-SAA DARKSs. Generally we expect that all NICMOS
science/calibration observations started within 50 minutes of leaving an
SAA will need such maps to remove the CR persistence from the science
images. Each observation will need its own CRMAP, as different SAA
passages leave different imprints on the NICMOS detectors.

NIC3 11062

NICMOS non-linearity tests

This program incorporates a number of tests to analyse the count rate
dependent non-linearity seen in NICMOS spectro-photometric observations.
We will observe a field with stars of a range in luminosity in NGC3603
with NICMOS in NIC1: F090M, F110W, F140W, F160W NIC2: F110W, F160W,
F187W, F205W, and F222M NIC3: F110W, F150W, F160W, F175W, and F222M. We
will repeat the observations with flatfield lamp on, creating
artificially high count-rates, allowing tests of NICMOS linearity as
function of count rate. We first take exposures with the lamp off, then
exposures with the lamp on, and repeat at the end with lamp off.
Finally, we continue with taking darks during occultation. We will
furthermore observe spectro-photometric standard P041C using the G096,
G141, and G206 grisms in NIC3, and repeat the lamp off/on/off test to
artificially create a high background.

ACS/HRC 11053

Earth Flats

Sky flats will be obtained by observing the bright Earth with the HRC
and WFC. These observations will be used to verify the accuracy of the
latest pipeline flats and to monitor any changes. Weekly coronagraphic
monitoring is required to assess the changing position of the spots.

ACS/HRC 11041

ACS CCDs daily monitor

This program consists of a set of basic tests to monitor, the read
noise, the development of hot pixels and test for any source of noise in
ACS CCD detectors. The files, biases and dark will be used to create
reference files for science calibration. This programme will be for the
entire lifetime of ACS. For cycle 15 the program will cover 18 months
12.1.06->05.31.08 and it has been divied into three different proposal
each covering six months. The three proposals are 11041-11042-11043.

ACS/HRC 10991

Light Echoes from SN 2006X in M100

We propose a minimal investment of spacecraft time to discover and
confirm a light echo from Supernova 2006X in M100, the closest Type Ia
in many years. Our spectroscopic and photometric data indicate that this
SN sits behind a large amount of interstellar dust likely to produce a
strong echo signal. This is one of very few cases where we will be able
to study the three-dimensional environment of a SN Ia in full detail,
and begin to understand how environmental effects play into the
evolutionary and observational factors which influence the utility of SN
Ia as standard candles for probing cosmology. We propose an efficient
program to definitively detect {or not} a light echo of reasonable
signal strength, to confirm that it is an echo by demonstrating apparent
superluminal motion if it exists, to map the three-dimensional geometry
of the reflecting interstellar structures, and to detail the reflectance
properties of the dust which can be used to constrain ! its grain size
and composition distribution.

ACS/WFC 10918

Reducing Systematic Errors on the Hubble Constant: Metallicity
Calibration of the Cepheid PL Relation

Reducing the systematic errors on the Hubble constant is still of
significance and of immediate importance to modern cosmology. One of the
largest remaining uncertainties in the Cepheid- based distance scale
{which itself is at the foundation of the HST Key Project determination
of H_o} which can now be addressed directly by HST, is the effect of
metallicity on the Cepheid Period-Luminosity relation. Three chemically
distinct regions in M101 will be used to directly measure and thereby
calibrate the change in zero point of the Cepheid PL relation over a
range of metallicities that run from SMC-like, through Solar, to
metallicities as high as the most metal- enriched galaxies in the pure
Hubble flow. ACS for the first time offers the opportunity to make a
precise calibration of this effect which currently accounts for at least
a third of the total systematic uncertainty on Ho. The calibration will
be made in the V and I bandpasses so as to be immediately and directly
applicable to the entire HST Cepheid-based distance scale sample, and
most especially to the highest-metallicity galaxies that were hosts to
the Type Ia supernovae, which were then used to extend the the distance
scale calibration out to cosmologically significant distances.

ACS/HRC/WFC 10896

An Efficient ACS Coronagraphic Survey for Debris Disks around Nearby
Stars

We propose to finish our Cycle 11 optical survey for nearby debris disks
using the ACS/HRC coronagraph. Out of 43 orbits originally proposed for
the survey, 23 orbits were allocated, leading to a survey of 22 stars,
from which two new debris disks were imaged for the first time. Our
analysis of the initial survey gives an empirical estimate for the
detection rate of debris disks relative to heliocentric distance and
dust optical depth. Our target list for Cycle 15 is now optimized to
yield more frequent disk detections. Likewise our observing strategy is
improved to maximize sensitivity per telescope orbit allocated.
Therefore we present the most efficient survey possible. The scientific
motivation is to obtain scattered light images of previously unresolved
debris disks to determine their viewing geometry and physical
architecture, both of which may characterize the underlying planetary
system. We choose 25 debris disk targets for which we predict a
detection rate of 25% ? 5%. Four targets have extrasolar planets from
which the viewing geometry revealed by a disk detection will resolve the
v sin{i} ambiguity in the planet masses. These targets present the
remarkable opportunity of finally seeing a debris disk in system with
known planets.

NIC3 10894

Probing the Birth of Super Star Clusters with NICMOS

The formation of ``super star clusters" represents an extreme mode of
star formation in the local universe. Star clusters with radii < 5pc and
masses exceeding 10^4 solar masses are now known to be common in
starbursts. These clusters are amazingly densely packed with massive
stars, and can have a violent impact on their host galaxies and the
surrounding IGM. The effects of massive star clusters perhaps were even
more important in the earlier universe, when galaxy mergers and
starbursts were common, and the formation of massive globular clusters
was ubiquitous. However, our knowledge of the formation and early
evolution of such massive clusters remains poorly understood, and
observations have only begun to probe these stages. The near-IR fluxes
and colors of natal clusters change dramatically in their early stages
of evolution, providing important diagnostics. We will use NICMOS to
explore the early evolution of massive star clusters through
observations of a sample of nearby starburst galaxies containing the
recently discovered ultra-young massive star clusters. First identified
as compact optically- thick free-free radio sources, these natal
clusters are still embedded in their birth material and obscured at
optical wavelengths. Sensitive, high-resolution observations in the
near-IR are critical for investigating the properties of these clusters
as they evolve from being completely obscured by their natal clouds to
fully emerged and optically visible. NICMOS F160W, F205W, F187N, and
F190N {roughly H, K, and Pa-alpha} images will allow us to determine
their ages, extinctions, ionizing fluxes, embedded stellar masses, and
the morphological relationship between radio, mid-IR, and optically
visible clusters. These results will ultimately provide insight into the
earliest stages of super star cluster evolution and the properties of
massive star formation throughout the universe.

ACS/WFC/WFPC2 10890

Morphologies of the Most Extreme High-Redshift Mid-IR-Luminous Galaxies

The formative phase of the most massive galaxies may be extremely
luminous, characterized by intense star- and AGN-formation. Till now,
few such galaxies have been unambiguously identified at high redshift,
restricting us to the study of low-redshift ultraluminous infrared
galaxies as possible analogs. We have recently discovered a sample of
objects which may indeed represent this early phase in galaxy formation,
and are undertaking an extensive multiwavelength study of this
population. These objects are bright at mid-IR wavelengths
{F[24um]>0.8mJy}, but deep ground based imaging suggests extremely faint
{and in some cases extended} optical counterparts {R~24-27}. Deep K-band
images show barely resolved galaxies. Mid-infrared spectroscopy with
Spitzer/IRS reveals that they have redshifts z ~ 2-2.5, suggesting
bolometric luminosities ~10^{13-14}Lsun! We propose to obtain deep ACS
F814W and NIC2 F160W images of these sources and their environs in order
to determine kpc-scale morphologies and surface photometry for these
galaxies. The proposed observations will help us determine whether these
extreme objects are merging systems, massive obscured starbursts {with
obscuration on kpc scales!} or very reddened {locally obscured} AGN
hosted by intrinsically low-luminosity galaxies.

ACS/WFC 10886

The Sloan Lens ACS Survey: Towards 100 New Strong Lenses

As a continuation of the highly successful Sloan Lens ACS {SLACS} Survey
for new strong gravitational lenses, we propose one orbit of ACS-WFC
F814W imaging for each of 50 high- probability strong galaxy-galaxy lens
candidates. These observations will confirm new lens systems and permit
immediate and accurate photometry, shape measurement, and mass modeling
of the lens galaxies. The lenses delivered by the SLACS Survey all show
extended source structure, furnishing more constraints on the projected
lens potential than lensed-quasar image positions. In addition, SLACS
lenses have lens galaxies that are much brighter than their lensed
sources, facilitating detailed photometric and dynamical observation of
the former. When confirmed lenses from this proposal are combined with
lenses discovered by SLACS in Cycles 13 and 14, we expect the final
SLACS lens sample to number 80--100: an approximate doubling of the
number of known galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses and an
order-of-magnitude increase in the number of optical Einstein rings. By
virtue of its homogeneous selection and sheer size, the SLACS sample
will allow an unprecedented exploration of the mass structure of the
early-type galaxy population as a function of all other observable
quantities. This new sample will be a valuable resource to the
astronomical community by enabling qualitatively new strong lensing
science, and as such we will waive all but a short {3-month} proprietary
period on the observations.

ACS/WFC 10882

Emission Line Snapshots of 3CR Radio Galaxies

Radio galaxies are an important class of extragalactic objects: they are
one of the most energetic astrophysical phenomena and they provide an
exceptional probe of the evolving Universe, lying typically in high
density regions but well-represented across a wide redshift range. In
earlier Cycles we carried out extensive HST observations of the 3CR
sources in order to acquire a complete and quantitative inventory of the
structure, contents and evolution of these important objects. We
discovered new optical jets, dust lanes, and revealed point-like nuclei
whose properties support AGN unified schemes. Here, we propose to obtain
ACS emission line images at low and high excitation of 3CR sources with
z<0.3, both low- and classical high- power radio galaxies, as a major
enhancement to an already superb dataset. We aim to probe fundamental
relationships between warm optical line-emitting gas, radio source
structure {jets and lobes} and X-ray coronal halos. We will combine our
existing UV images with new emission- line images to establish
quantitative star formation characteristics and their relation to dust
and merging, and with emission-line excitation maps, test theories on
ionization beam patterns and luminosities from active nuclei. We will
seek jet induced star formation and knowing optical emission-line
physics, investigate quantitative jet physics. The nuclear emission line
properties of the galaxies will themselves be established and used as
ingredients in continuing tests of unified AGN theories. The resulting
database will be an incredibly valuable resource to the astronomical
community for years to come.

ACS/WFC 10875

A Snapshot Survey of The Most Massive Clusters of Galaxies

We propose the continuation of our highly successful Cycle14 snapshot
survey of a sample of 123 very X-ray luminous clusters in the redshift
range 0.3-0.7. As demonstrated by the 21 snapshots obtained so far in
Cycle14 these systems frequently exhibit strong gravitational lensing as
well as spectacular examples of violent galaxy evolution. The proposed
observations will provide important constraints on the cluster mass
distributions, the physical nature of galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-gas
interactions in cluster cores, and a set of optically bright, lensed
galaxies for further 8-10m spectroscopy. Acknowledging the broad
community interest in this sample we waive our data rights for these
observations.

ACS/HRC/WFPC2/NIC3 10842

A Cepheid Distance to the Coma Cluster

We propose to use the Advanced Camera for Surveys to search for Cepheid
variables in two spiral galaxies in the core of the Coma cluster. A
direct application of the canonical primary distance indicator at 100
Mpc will measure the far-field Hubble constant free of many of the
systematic uncertainties which beset current determinations relying on
secondary indicators. Establishing the far-field H_o with Cepheids will
provide one of the strongest links in the extragalactic distance scale
and will directly calibrate the fiducial fundamental plane of elliptical
galaxies in Coma. With ACS/HRC, S/N=5 to 10 or better can be reached for
Cepheids with periods of 40d to 70d at mean light in 5 orbits with the
F606W filter if H_o=72 km/s/Mpc. Efficient detection and phasing can be
done with twelve epochs optimally spaced for periods of 40-70d.

ACS/WFC 10835

Probing The Globular Cluster / Low Mass X-ray Binary Connection in
Early-type Galaxies At Low X-ray

Combined high-resolution imaging from Hubble and Chandra {CXO} has
revolutionized our understanding of extragalactic low-mass X-ray
binaries {LMXBs} and globular clusters {GCs}, yet their connection in
early-type galaxies has remained unstudied at the luminosities of the
Galactic LMXBs in GCs. NGC 4278 and 3379 will be the first two
prototypical elliptical galaxies with deep CXO observations enabling the
study of LMXBs at lower luminosities. We propose mosaic ACS observations
of both galaxies {5 fields per galaxy} that will provide the most
comprehensive view into the connection between GCs and LMXBs in
early-type galaxies. We will detect ~860 and ~270 GCs in all of NGC 4278
and NGC 3379, respectively. These two galaxies will have among the
greatest number of detected GC-LMXBs to date {~130 & 50} and will
include the faintest GC-LMXBs in a normal early-type galaxy. We will
measure the fraction of GCs which contain LMXBs, as a function of X-ray
luminosity, galactocentric distance, color, and GC half-light radius.
Using the radial profiles of optical light, GCs, and LMXBs, we will
determine the percentage of field LMXBs which may have originated in
GCs. We will use the measured GC properties over the entire extent of
both galaxies to constrain theories of GC formation and evolution.

ACS/WFC 10809

The nature of "dry" mergers in the nearby Universe

Recent studies have shown that "dry" mergers of red, bulge-dominated
galaxies at low redshift play an important role in shaping today's most
massive ellipticals. These mergers have been identified in extremely
deep ground-based images of red sequence galaxies at z ~ 0.1. The
ground-based images reach surface brightness limits of AB ~ 29, but lack
the resolution to study the morphologies of the galaxies inside the
effective radius. Here we propose to obtain ACS images of a
representative sample of 40 of these red sequence galaxies: 15 ongoing
dry mergers, 15 remnants, and 10 undisturbed objects. We will measure
the isophote shapes and ellipticities of the galaxies, their dust
content, morphological fine structure {shells and ripples}, AGN content,
and their location on the Fundamental Plane. By comparing galaxies in
different stages of the merging process we can constrain the amount of
gas associated with these red mergers, the effect of active nuclei, and
track structural changes. As two galaxies can be observed in a single
orbit 20 orbits are requested to observe the 40 galaxies.

NIC2, ACS/WFC 10802

SHOES-Supernovae, HO, for the Equation of State of Dark energy

The present uncertainty in the value of the Hubble constant {resulting
in an uncertainty in Omega_M} and the paucity of Type Ia supernovae at
redshifts exceeding 1 are now the leading obstacles to determining the
nature of dark energy. We propose a single, integrated set of
observations for Cycle 15 that will provide a 40% improvement in
constraints on dark energy. This program will observe known Cepheids in
six reliable hosts of Type Ia supernovae with NICMOS, reducing the
uncertainty in H_0 by a factor of two because of the smaller dispersion
along the instability strip, the diminished extinction, and the weaker
metallicity dependence in the infrared. In parallel with ACS, at the
same time the NICMOS observations are underway, we will discover and
follow a sample of Type Ia supernovae at z > 1. Together, these
measurements, along with prior constraints from WMAP, will provide a
great improvement in HST's ability to distinguish between a static,
cosmological constant and dynamical dark energy. The Hubble Space
Telescope is the only instrument in the world that can make these IR
measurements of Cepheids beyond the Local Group, and it is the only
telescope in the world that can be used to find and follow supernovae at
z > 1. Our program exploits both of these unique capabilities of HST to
learn more about one of the greatest mysteries in science.

ACS/HRC 10800

Kuiper Belt Binaries: Probes of Early Solar System Evolution

Binaries in the Kuiper Belt are a scientific windfall: in them we have
relatively fragile test particles which can be used as tracers of the
early dynamical evolution of the outer Solar System. We propose to
continue a Snapshot program using the ACS/HRC that has a demonstrated
discovery potential an order of magnitude higher than the HST
observations that have already discovered the majority of known
transneptunian binaries. With this continuation we seek to reach the
original goals of this project: to accumulate a sufficiently large
sample in each of the distinct populations collected in the Kuiper Belt
to be able to measure, with statistical significance, how the fraction
of binaries varies as a function of their particular dynamical paths
into the Kuiper Belt. Today's Kuiper Belt bears the imprints of the
final stages of giant-planet building and migration; binaries may offer
some of the best preserved evidence of that long-ago era.

ACS/WFC 10787

Modes of Star Formation and Nuclear Activity in an Early Universe
Laboratory

Nearby compact galaxy groups are uniquely suited to exploring the
mechanisms of star formation amid repeated and ongoing gravitational
encounters, conditions similar to those of the high redshift universe.
These dense groups host a variety of modes of star formation, and they
enable fresh insights into the role of gas in galaxy evolution. With
Spitzer mid-IR observations in hand, we have begun to obtain high
quality, multi-wavelength data for a well-defined sample of 12 nearby
{<4500km/s} compact groups covering the full range of evolutionary
stages. Here we propose to obtain sensitive BVI images with the ACS/WFC,
deep enough to reach the turnover of the globular cluster luminosity
function, and WFPC2 U-band and ACS H-alpha images of Spitzer- identified
regions hosting the most recent star formation. In total, we expect to
detect over 1000 young star clusters forming inside and outside
galaxies, more than 4000 old globular clusters in >40 giant galaxies
{including 16 early-type galaxies}, over 20 tidal features,
approximately 15 AGNs, and intragroup gas in most of the 12 groups.
Combining the proposed ACS images with Chandra observations, UV GALEX
observations, ground-based H-alpha imaging, and HI data, we will conduct
a detailed study of stellar nurseries, dust, gas kinematics, and AGN.

WFPC2 10748

WFPC2 CYCLE 14 Standard Darks

This dark calibration program obtains dark frames every week in order to
provide data for the ongoing calibration of the CCD dark current rate,
and to monitor and characterize the evolution of hot pixels. Over an
extended period these data will also provide a monitor of radiation
damage to the CCDs.

ACS/HRC 10556

Neutral Gas at Redshift z=0.5

Damped Lyman-alpha systems {DLAs} are used to track the bulk of the
neutral hydrogen gas in the Universe. Prior to HST UV spectroscopy, they
could only be studied from the ground at redshifts z>1.65. However, HST
has now permitted us to discover 41 DLAs at z<1.65 in our previous
surveys. Followup studies of these systems are providing a wealth of
information about the evolution of the neutral gas phase component of
the Universe. But one problem is that these 41 low-redshift systems are
spread over a wide range of redshifts spanning nearly 70% of the age of
the Universe. Consequently, past surveys for low-redshift DLAs have not
been able to offer very good precision in any small redshift regime.
Here we propose an ACS-HRC- PR200L spectroscopic survey in the redshift
interval z=[0.37, 0.7] which we estimate will permit us to discover
another 41 DLAs. This will not only allow us to double the number of
low-redshift DLAs, but it will also provide a relatively high-precision
regime in the low-redshift Universe that can be used to anchor
evolutionary studies. Fortunately DLAs have high absorption equivalent
width, so ACS-HRC-PR200L has high-enough resoultion to perform this
proposed MgII-selected DLA survey.

ACS/HRC 10508

Orbits, Masses, and Densities of Three Transneptunian Binaries

The subset of transneptunian objects {TNOs} having natural satellites
offers unique opportunities for physical studies of these distant relics
from the outer parts of the protoplanetary nebula. HST/ACS is ideally
suited to determining orbits of TNO satellites, resulting in the system
masses. In conjunction with thermal emission observations by Spitzer,
which provides sizes, we can determine the densities of TNOs. Densities
offer a powerful window into their bulk compositions and interior
structures.

FLIGHT OPERATIONS SUMMARY:

Significant Spacecraft Anomalies: (The following are preliminary reports
of potential non-nominal performance that will be investigated.)

HSTARS:
10569 GSacq(2,3,2) failed to RGA control @ 356/1309z
         GSacq(2,3,2) scheduled at 356/15:05:46 failed at 13:09:36 due to scan
        step limit exceeded on FGS 2. OBAD1 showed errors of V1=-730.81,
         V2=4478.69, V3=489.56 and RSS =4564.26. OBAD2 showed errors of V1=-1.20,
        V2=7.22, V3=-4.65 and RSS= 8.68.

10570 REacq(2,1,1) failed to RGA control @ 356/1758z
         REacq(2,1,1) scheduled at 356/17:54:55 failed at 117:58:02 due to scan
        step limit exceeded on FGS 2. OBAD2 showed errors of V1=-0.89, V2=0.33,
        V3=0.02 and RSS =0.95.

10571 GSAcq(1,3,1) failed to RGA Hold (Gyro Control) @ 356/2235z
        The GSAcq(1,3,1)scheduled at 356/22:31:28 - 22:39:33 failed to RGA Hold
        due to (QF3SRLEX) Search Radius Limit Exceeded on FGS-3. Pre-acquisition
        OBADs showed (RSS) attitude correction values of 1837.82 and 6.39
         arcseconds. Post-acquisition OBAD/MAP had 3-axis (RSS) error value of
        5.61 arcseconds.

10572 REAcq (2,1,1) failed to RGA control @ 356/1946z
        REAcq (2,1,1) scheduled from 356/19:30:54-19:38:05 failed to RGA control
        due to Search Radius Limit Exceeded on FGS 2. Mnemonic QF2SRLEX was
        observed. OBAD #1 RSS: 823.77; OBAD #2 RSS: 5.22; OBAD MAP: Not
        scheduled. REAcq (2,1,1) scheduled from 356/21:06:53-21:14:04 failed to
        RGA control due to Search Radius Limit Exceeded on FGS 2. Mnemonic
        QF2SRLEX was observed. OBAD data unavailable due to LOS.

10573 GSacq (1,2,2) failed due to stop flag on FGS1 (RGA Hold) @357/1557z
        Upon acquisition at 16:18:17 stop flags were set for FGS1.
         Preacquisition OBADs RSS were 564.65 and 6.64 arcseonds. Post
         acquisition Map RSS = 3.89 arc seconds.

10574 GSAcq (1,3,1) failed due to Search Radius Limit Exceeded on FGS 1 @ 358/0652z
        At AOS 358/06:52:01 GSAcq (1,3,1) scheduled from 358/05:27:13-05:34:16
        had failed due to Search Radius Limit Exceeded on FGS 1. OBAD #1:
         unavailable due to LOS. OBAD #2: V1 -6.52, V2 28.27, V3 22.03, RSS
        36.44. OBAD Map: Not scheduled

10575 GSAcq (2,1,2) failed to RGA control @ 358/1022z
        At AOS 358/10:22:17, GSAcq (2,1,2) had failed to RGA control. No 486
        ESB's noted. Due to LOS, OBAD data will not be available till the next
        scheduled engineering data dump. OBAD Map: V1 -0.57, V2 -1074.41, V3
        1.44, RSS 1074.41.

10576 CSTRUCCP Limit Violation @ 359/1405z
        At 359/14:05:10 and 359/14:07:27 mnemonic Structure Current Primary
        (CSTRUCCP) went out of limit with a value of 5.6 amps, one sample during
        each occurrence. The yellow high limit is 5.4 amps. The on-call SE was
         notified.

COMPLETED OPS REQUEST: (None)

COMPLETED OPS NOTES: (None)

                                      SCHEDULED      SUCCESSFUL
FGS GSacq                         35                        30                 
FGS REacq                         18                        17
OBAD with Maneuver     96                      96

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS: (None)

-Lynn

Lynn F. Bassford
CHAMP HST Missions Operations Manager  
Lockheed Martin Mission Services (LMMS)

GSFC PH#: 301-286-2876


"The Hubble Space Telescope is the astronomical observatory and key to unlocking the most cosmic mysteries of the past, present and future."    - 7/26/6