Notice: Due to the conversion of some ACS WFC or HRC observations into

WFPC2, or NICMOS observations after the loss of ACS CCD science

capability in January, there may be an occasional discrepancy between a

proposal's listed (and correct) instrument usage and the abstract that

follows it.

 

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE - Continuing to collect World Class Science

 

DAILY REPORT      # 4448

 

PERIOD COVERED: UT September 14, 15 & 16, 2007 (DOY 257, 258 & 259)

 

OBSERVATIONS SCHEDULED

 

NIC1/NIC2/NIC3 8794

 

NICMOS Post-SAA calibration - CR Persistence Part 5

 

A new procedure proposed to alleviate the CR-persistence problem of

NICMOS. Dark frames will be obtained immediately upon exiting the SAA

contour 23, and every time a NICMOS exposure is scheduled within 50

minutes of coming out of the SAA. The darks will be obtained in parallel

in all three NICMOS Cameras. The POST-SAA darks will be non- standard

reference files available to users with a USEAFTER date/time mark. The

keyword 'USEAFTER=date/time' will also be added to the header of each

POST-SAA DARK frame. The keyword must be populated with the time, in

addition to the date, because HST crosses the SAA ~8 times per day so

each POST-SAA DARK will need to have the appropriate time specified, for

users to identify the ones they need. Both the raw and processed images

will be archived as POST-SAA DARKs. Generally we expect that all NICMOS

science/calibration observations started within 50 minutes of leaving an

SAA will need such maps to remove the CR persistence from the science

images. Each observation will need its own CRMAP, as different SAA

passages leave different imprints on the NICMOS detectors.

 

ACS/SBC 11225

 

The Wavelength Dependence of Accretion Disk Structure

 

We can now routinely measure the size of quasar accretion disks using

gravitational microlensing of lensed quasars. The next step to testing

accretion disk models is to measure the size of accretion disks as a

function of wavelength, particularly at the UV and X-ray wavelengths

that should probe the inner, strong gravity regime. Here we focus on two

four-image quasar lenses that already have optical {R band} and X-ray

size measurements using microlensing. We will combine the HST

observations with ground-based monitoring to measure the disk size as a

function of wavelength from the near-IR to the UV. We require HST to

measure the image flux ratios in the ultraviolet continuum near the

Lyman limit of the quasars. The selected targets have estimated black

hole masses that differ by an order of magnitude, and we should find

wavelength scalings for the two systems that are very different because

the Blue/UV wavelengths should correspond to parts of the disk near the

inner edge for the high mass system but not in the low mass system. The

results will be modeled using a combination of simple thin disk models

and complete relativistic disk models. While requiring only 18 orbits,

success for one system requires observations in both Cycles 16 and 17.

 

WFPC2 11217

 

The Light Echoes around V838 Monocerotis

 

V838 Monocerotis, which burst upon the astronomical scene in early 2002,

is a completely unanticipated new object. It underwent a large-amplitude

and very luminous outburst, during which its spectrum remained that of

an extremely cool supergiant. A rapidly evolving set of light echoes

around V838 Mon was discovered soon after the outburst, and quickly

became the most spectacular display of the phenomenon ever seen. These

light echoes provide the means to accomplish three unique types of

measurements based on continued HST imaging during the event: {1} Study

effects of MHD turbulence at high resolution and in 3 dimensions; {2}

Construct the first unambiguous and fully 3-D map of a circumstellar

dust envelope in the Milky Way; {3} Study dust physics in a unique

setting where the spectrum and light curve of the illumination, and the

scattering angle, are unambiguously known. We have also used our HST

data to determine the distance to V838 Mon through direct geometric

techniques. Because of the extreme rarity of light echoes, this is

almost certainly the only opportunity to achieve such results during the

lifetime of HST. We propose two visits during Cycle 16, in order to

continue the mapping of the circumstellar dust and to accomplish the

other goals listed above.

 

WFPC2 11203

 

A Search for Circumstellar Disks and Planetary-Mass Companions around

Brown Dwarfs in Taurus

 

During a 1-orbit program in Cycle 14, we used WFPC2 to obtain the first

direct image of a circumstellar disk around a brown dwarf. These data

have provided fundamental new constraints on the formation process of

brown dwarfs and the properties of their disks. To search for additional

direct detections of disks around brown dwarfs and to search for

planetary-mass companions to these objects, we propose a WFPC2 survey of

32 brown dwarfs in the Taurus star-forming region.

 

WFPC2 11202

 

The Structure of Early-type Galaxies: 0.1-100 Effective Radii

 

The structure, formation and evolution of early-type galaxies is still

largely an open problem in cosmology: how does the Universe evolve from

large linear scales dominated by dark matter to the highly non-linear

scales of galaxies, where baryons and dark matter both play important,

interacting, roles? To understand the complex physical processes

involved in their formation scenario, and why they have the tight

scaling relations that we observe today {e.g. the Fundamental Plane}, it

is critically important not only to understand their stellar structure,

but also their dark-matter distribution from the smallest to the largest

scales. Over the last three years the SLACS collaboration has developed

a toolbox to tackle these issues in a unique and encompassing way by

combining new non-parametric strong lensing techniques, stellar

dynamics, and most recently weak gravitational lensing, with

high-quality Hubble Space Telescope imaging and VLT/Keck spectroscopic

data of early-type lens systems. This allows us to break degeneracies

that are inherent to each of these techniques separately and probe the

mass structure of early-type galaxies from 0.1 to 100 effective radii.

The large dynamic range to which lensing is sensitive allows us both to

probe the clumpy substructure of these galaxies, as well as their

low-density outer haloes. These methods have convincingly been

demonstrated, by our team, using smaller pilot-samples of SLACS lens

systems with HST data. In this proposal, we request observing time with

WFPC2 and NICMOS to observe 53 strong lens systems from SLACS, to obtain

complete multi-color imaging for each system. This would bring the total

number of SLACS lens systems to 87 with completed HST imaging and

effectively doubles the known number of galaxy-scale strong lenses. The

deep HST images enable us to fully exploit our new techniques, beat down

low-number statistics, and probe the structure and evolution of

early-type galaxies, not only with a uniform data-set an order of

magnitude larger than what is available now, but also with a fully

coherent and self-consistent methodological approach!

 

NIC2 11155

 

Dust Grain Evolution in Herbig Ae Stars: NICMOS Coronagraphic Imaging

and Polarimetry

 

We propose to take advantage of the sensitive coronagraphic capabilities

of NICMOS to obtain multiwavelength coronagraphic imaging and

polarimetry of primordial dust disks around young intermediate-mass

stars {Herbig Ae stars}, in order to advance our understanding of how

dust grains are assembled into larger bodies. Because the polarization

of scattered light is strongly dependent on scattering particle size and

composition, coronagraphic imaging polarimetry with NICMOS provides a

uniquely powerful tool for measuring grain properties in spatially

resolved circumstellar disks. It is widely believed that planets form

via the gradual accretion of planetesimals in gas-rich, dusty

circumstellar disks, but the connection between this suspected process

and the circumstellar disks that we can now observe around other stars

remains very uncertain. Our proposed observations, together with

powerful 3-D radiative transfer codes, will enable us to quantitatively

determine dust grain properties as a function of location within disks,

and thus to test whether dust grains around young stars are in fact

growing in size during the putative planet-formation epoch. HST imaging

polarimetry of Herbig Ae stars will complement and extend existing

polarimetric studies of disks around lower-mass T Tauri stars and debris

disks around older main-sequence stars. When combined with these

previous studies, the proposed research will help us establish the

influence of stellar mass on the growth of dust grains into larger

planetesimals, and ultimately to planets. Our results will also let us

calibrate models of the thermal emission from these disks, a critical

need for validating the properties of more distant disks inferred on the

basis of spectral information alone.

 

WFPC2 11128

 

Time Scales Of Bulge Formation In Nearby Galaxies

 

Traditionally, bulges are thought to fit well into galaxy formation

models of hierarchical merging. However, it is now becoming well

established that many bulges formed through internal, secular evolution

of the disk rather than through mergers. We call these objects

pseudobulges. Much is still unknown about pseudobulges, the most

pressing questions being: How, exactly, do they build up their mass? How

long does it take? And, how many exist? We are after an answer to these

questions. If pseudobulges form and evolve over longer periods than the

time between mergers, then a significant population of pseudobulges is

hard to explain within current galaxy formation theories. A pseudobulge

indicates that a galaxy has most likely not undergone a major merger

since the formation of the disk. The ages of pseudobulges give us an

estimate for the time scale of this quiescent evolution. We propose to

use 24 orbits of HST time to complete UBVIH imaging on a sample of 33

nearby galaxies that we have observed with Spitzer in the mid-IR. These

data will be used to measure spatially resolved stellar population

parameters {mean stellar age, metallicity, and star formation history};

comparing ages to star formation rates allows us to accurately constrain

the time scale of pseudobulge formation. Our sample of bulges includes

both pseudo- and classical bulges, and evenly samples barred and

unbarred galaxies. Most of our sample is imaged, 13 have complete UBVIH

coverage; we merely ask to complete missing observations so that we may

construct a uniform sample for studying bulge formation. We also wish to

compare the stellar population parameters to a variety of bulge and

global galaxy properties including star formation rates, dynamics,

internal bulge morphology, structure from bulge-disk decompositions, and

gas content. Much of this data set is already or is being assembled.

This will allow us to derive methods of pseudobulge identification that

can be used to accurately count pseudobulges in large surveys. Aside

from our own science goals, we will present this broad set of data to

the community. Thus, we waive proprietary periods for all observations.

 

 

NIC2 11101

 

The Relevance of Mergers for Fueling AGNs: Answers from QSO Host

Galaxies

 

The majority of QSOs are known to reside in centers of galaxies that

look like ellipticals. Numerical simulations have shown that remnants of

galaxy mergers often closely resemble elliptical galaxies. However, it

is still strongly debated whether the majority of QSO host galaxies are

indeed the result of relatively recent mergers or whether they are

completely analogous to inactive ellipticals to which nothing

interesting has happened recently. To address this question, we recently

obtained deep HST ACS images for five QSO host galaxies that were

classified morphologically as ellipticals {GO-10421}. This pilot study

revealed striking signs of tidal interactions such as ripples, tidal

tails, and warped disks that were not detected in previous studies. Our

observations show that at least some "elliptical" QSO host galaxies are

the products of relatively recent merger events rather than old galaxies

formed at high redshift. However, the question remains whether the host

galaxies of classical QSOs are truly distinct from inactive ellipticals

and whether there is a connection between the merger events we detect

and the current nuclear activity. We must therefore place our results

into a larger statistical context. We are currently conducting an HST

archival study of inactive elliptical galaxies {AR-10941} to form a

control sample. We now propose to obtain deep HST/WFPC2 images of 13

QSOs whose host galaxies are classified as normal ellipticals. Comparing

the results for both samples will help us determine whether classical

QSOs reside in normal elliptical galaxies or not. Our recent pilot study

of five QSOs indicates that we can expect exciting results and deep

insights into the host galaxy morphology also for this larger sample of

QSOs. A statistically meaningful sample will help us determine the true

fraction of QSO hosts that suffered strong tidal interactions and thus,

whether a merger is indeed a requirement to trigger nuclear activity in

the most luminous AGNs. In addition to our primary science observations

with WFPC2, we will obtain NICMOS3 parallel observations with the

overall goal to select and characterize galaxy populations at high

redshifts. The imaging will be among the deepest NICMOS images: These

NICMOS images are expected to go to a limit a little over 1 magnitude

brighter than HUDF-NICMOS data, but over 13 widely separated fields,

with a total area about 1.5 times larger than HUDF-NICMOS. This

separation means that the survey will tend to average out effects of

cosmic variance. The NICMOS3 images will have sufficient resolution for

an initial characterization of galaxy morphologies, which is currently

one of the most active and promising areas in approaching the problem of

the formation of the first massive galaxies. The depth and area coverage

of our proposed NICMOS observations will also allow a careful study of

the mass function of galaxies at these redshifts. This provides a large

and unbiased sample, selected in terms of stellar mass and unaffected by

cosmic variance, to study the on-going star formation activity as a

function of mass {i.e. integrated star formation} at this very important

epoch.

 

NIC3 11080

 

Exploring the Scaling Laws of Star Formation

 

As a variety of surveys of the local and distant Universe are

approaching a full census of galaxy populations, our attention needs to

turn towards understanding and quantifying the physical mechanisms that

trigger and regulate the large-scale star formation rates {SFRs} in

galaxies.

 

WFPC2 11079

 

Treasury Imaging of Star Forming Regions in the Local Group:

Complementing the GALEX and NOAO Surveys

 

We propose to use WFPC2 to image the most interesting star-forming

regions in the Local Group galaxies, to resolve their young stellar

populations. We will use a set of filters including F170W, which is

critical to detect and characterize the most massive stars, to whose hot

temperatures colors at longer wavelengths are not sensitive. WFPC2's

field of view ideally matches the typical size of the star-forming

regions, and its spatial resolution allows us to measure individual

stars, given the proximity of these galaxies. The resulting H-R diagrams

will enable studies of star-formation properties in these regions, which

cover largely differing metallicities {a factor of 17, compared to the

factor of 4 explored so far} and characteristics. The results will

further our understanding of the star-formation process, of the

interplay between massive stars and environment, the properties of dust,

and will provide the key to interpret integrated measurements of

star-formation indicators {UV, IR, Halpha} available for several

hundreds more distant galaxies. Our recent deep surveys of these

galaxies with GALEX {FUV, NUV} and ground-based imaging {UBVRI, Halpha,

[OIII] and [SII]} provided the identification of the most relevant SF

sites. In addition to our scientific analysis, we will provide catalogs

of HST photometry in 6 bands, matched corollary ground-based data, and

UV, Halpha and IR integrated measurements of the associations, for

comparison of integrated star-formation indices to the resolved

populations. We envisage an EPO component.

 

NIC1/NIC2/NIC3 11060

 

NICMOS Photometric Stability Monitoring

 

This NICMOS calibration proposal carries out photometric monitoring

observations during Cycle 15. The format is the same as the Cycle 14

version of the program {10725}, but a few modifications were made with

respect to the Cycle 12 program 9995 and Cycle 13 program 10381.

Provisions had to be made to adopt to 2-gyro mode {G191B2B was added as

extra target to provide target visibility through most of the year}.

Where before 4 or 7 dithers were made in a filter before we moved to the

next filter, now we observe all filters at one position before moving to

the next dither position. While the previous method was chosen to

minimize the effect of persistence, we now realize that persistence may

be connected to charge trapping and by moving through the filter such

that the count rate increases, we reach equilibrium more quickly between

charge being trapped and released. We have also increased exposure times

where possible to reduce the charge trapping non- linearity effects.

 

WFPC2 11038

 

Narrow Band and Ramp Filter Closeout

 

These observations are to improve calibration of narrow band and ramp

filters. We also test for changes in the filter properties during

WFPC2's 14 years on-board HST.

 

FGS 10928

 

Calibrating Cosmological Chronometers: White Dwarf Masses

 

We propose to use HST/FGS1R to determine White Dwarf {WD} masses. The

unmatched resolving power of HST/FGS1R will be utilized to follow up

four selected WD binary pairs. This high precision obtained with

HST/FGS1R simply cannot be equaled by any ground based technique. This

proposed effort complements that done by CoI Nelan in which a sample of

WDs is being observed with HST/FGS1R. This proposal will dramatically

increase the number of WDs for which dynamical mass measurements are

possible, enabling a better calibration of the WD mass-radius relation,

cooling curves, initial to final mass relations, and ultimately giving

important clues to the star formation history of our Galaxy and the age

of its disk as well as in other galaxies.

 

NIC3 10921

 

Tangential Velocities of Objects in the Orion Nebula and Locating the

Embedded Outflow Sources.

 

The Orion Nebula is arguably the Rosetta Stone for studying a very young

star cluster and how the radiation and outflowing plasma from its stars

interact with ambient material. It has been the subject of numerous HST

imaging studies, which means that there is good opportunity for

determining tangential velocities by obtaining second epoch images

during Cycle 15, which may be the last cycle for which the WFPC2 is

available. These velocities in the plane-of-the-sky will allow us to

determine the patterns of outflow from micro-jets smaller than the Solar

System to jet driven shocks more than a parsec from their sources.

Combined with radial velocities, we'll obtain spatial velocities, which

are critical to determining where the embedded sources are located that

produce the numerous HH objects coming from the Orion-S and BN-KL

regions. We'll also be able to determine the physics that is operating

in the LL Ori type of outflows {where a bipolar jet is being distorted

by a slow wind coming from the nebula}. We will also be able to search

for runaway stars caused by the disintegration of young multiple-star

systems. All of this is possible because the long-time base of the WFPC2

and ACS observations allow a new level of astrometric precision to be

obtained and to be done efficiently by making coordinated parallel

observations with all images.

 

NIC1 10889

 

The Nature of the Halos and Thick Disks of Spiral Galaxies

 

We propose to resolve the extra-planar stellar populations of the thick

disks and halos of seven nearby, massive, edge-on galaxies using ACS,

NICMOS, and WFPC2 in parallel. These observations will provide accurate

star counts and color-magnitude diagrams 1.5 magnitudes below the tip of

the Red Giant Branch sampled along the two principal axes and one

intermediate axis of each galaxy. We will measure the metallicity

distribution functions and stellar density profiles from star counts

down to very low average surface brightnesses, equivalent to ~32 V-mag

per square arcsec. These observations will provide the definitive HST

study of extra-planar stellar populations of spiral galaxies. Our

targets cover a range in galaxy mass, luminosity, and morphology and as

function of these galaxy properties we will provide: - The first

systematic study of the radial and isophotal shapes of the diffuse

stellar halos of spiral galaxies - The most detailed comparative study

to date of thick disk morphologies and stellar populations - A

comprehensive analysis of halo and thick disk metallicity distributions

as a function of galaxy type and position within the galaxy. - A

sensitive search for tidal streams - The first opportunity to directly

relate globular cluster systems to their field stellar population We

will use these fossil records of the galaxy assembly process preserved

in the old stellar populations to test halo and thick disk formation

models within the hierarchical galaxy formation scheme. We will test

LambdaCDM predictions on sub-galactic scales, where it is difficult to

test using CMB and galaxy redshift surveys, and where it faces its most

serious difficulties.

 

ACS/SBC 10872

 

Lyman Continuum Emission in Galaxies at z=1.2

 

Lyman continuum photons produced in massive starbursts may have played a

dominant role in the reionization of the Universe. Starbursts are

important contributors to the ionizing metagalactic background at lower

redshifts as well. However, their contribution to the background depends

upon the fraction of ionizing radiation that escapes from the intrinsic

opacity of galaxies below the Lyman limit. Current surveys suggest

escape fractions of a few percent, up to 10%, with very few detections

{as opposed to upper limits} having been reported. No detections have

been reported in the epochs between z=0.1 and z=2. We propose to measure

the fraction of escaping Lyman continuum radiation from 15 luminous

z~1.2 galaxies in the GOODS fields. Using the tremendous sensitivity of

the ACS Solar- blind Channel, we will reach AB=30 mag., allowing us to

detect an escape fraction of 1%. We will correlate the amount of

escaping radiation with the photometric and morphological properties of

the galaxies. A non-detection in all sources would imply that QSOs

provide the overwhelming majority of ionizing radiation at z=1.3, and it

would strongly indicate that the properties of galaxies at higher

redshift have to be significantly different for galaxies to dominate

reionization. The deep FUV images will also be useful for extending the

FUV study of other galaxies in the GOODS fields.

 

ACS/SBC 10864

 

Mapping the Gaseous Content of Protoplanetary and Young Planetary

Systems with ACS

 

One of the key problems in planetary system formation is understanding

how rapidly, and over what time interval Jovian planets can form. Dust

in the protoplanetary disk is critical in planetesimal formation, but it

is the gas which produces giant planets, and which is essential for

their migration. However, compared to data on the circumstellar dust,

information on the gas component is sparse, especially in the

planet-formation zone. This severely limits our ability to put

observational constraints on giant planet formation, except to note that

the process must be largely complete by 12 Myr, given the paucity of

Herbig Ae or classical T Tauri stars older than 10-12 Myr. In the FUV,

photo-excited molecular hydrogen transitions have the requisite contrast

to the stellar photosphere, accretion shock, and reflection nebulosity,

and can be traced 50-100 AU from the exciting stars in both envelopes

and outflow cavities and protoplanetary disks. Central disk cavities, an

expected consequence of planet formation, larger than 0.1" are directly

detectable in HST FUV spectra, while smaller cavities may be detected by

comparison with protoplanetary disks which are still accreting onto

their stars. We propose augmenting existing HST coronagraphic imagery of

6 Herbig Fe and T Tauri disks with ACS Solar-Blind Channel Lyman alpha

imagery and slitless spectroscopy simultaneously sampling the disk in

molecular hydrogen and small-grain reflection nebulosity. These data

will be used to quantify the amount of vertical stratification in these

disks, to map the mass-loss geometry from the star, and to determine

whether removal of molecular material precedes, lags, or is contemporary

with clearing of the dust.

 

NIC2 10527

 

Imaging Scattered Light from Debris Disks Discovered by the Spitzer

Space Telescope Around 20 Sun-like Stars

 

We propose to use the high contrast capability of the NICMOS coronagraph

to image a sample of newly discovered circumstellar disks associated

with sun-like stars. These systems were identified by their strong

thermal infrared emission with the Spitzer Space Telescope as part of

the Spitzer Legacy Science program titled, "The Formation and Evolution

of Planetary Systems {FEPS}." Modelling of the thermal excess emission

in the form of spectral energy distributions alone cannot distinguish

between narrowly confined high opacity disks and broadly distributed,

low opacity disks. However, our proposed NICMOS observations can, by

imaging the light scattered from this material. Even non- detections

will place severe constraints on the disk geometry, ruling out models

with high optical depth. Unlike previous disk imaging programs, our

program contains a well defined sample of solar mass stars covering a

range of ages from ~10Myrs to a few Gyrs, allowing us to study the

evolution of disks from primordial to debris for the first time. These

results will greatly improve our understanding of debris disks around

Sun-like stars at stellar ages nearly 10x older than any previous

investigation. Thus we will have fit a crucial piece into the puzzle

concerning the formation and evolution of our own solar system.

 

NIC2 10487

 

A Search for Debris Disks in the Coeval Beta Pictoris Moving Group

 

Resolved observations of debris disks present us with the opportunity of

studying planetary evolution in other solar systems. We propose to

search for debris disks in the Beta Pictoris moving group {8-20 Myrs,

10-50 pc away} , which provides a coeval sample of multiple spectral

types, and it has already produced two magnificent resolved debris

disks: AU Mic and Beta Pic. Such coeval sample will provide us with a

snapshop of the crucial time in disk evolution in which the disk makes

the transition from optically thick to optically thin, and it will be

useful to study the stellar mass dependence of the disk evolution.

 

 

FLIGHT OPERATIONS SUMMARY:

 

Significant Spacecraft Anomalies: (The following are preliminary reports

of potential non-nominal performance that will be investigated.

 

HSTARS:

10993 - REACQ(1,2,2) failed, scan step limit exceeded on FGS 1

           REACQ(1,2,2) at 257/20:50:56 failed due to scan step limit exceeded on

           FGS 1 at 22:55:06. Initial GSACQ(1,2,2) at 21:17:23 was successful.

 

10994 - GSAcq(2,1,1) failed to RGA Hold (Gyro Control)

           Upon acquisition of signal (AOS) at 260/01:50:01, the GSAcq(2,1,1)

           scheduled at 260/01:39:25 - 01:47:29 had failed to RGA Hold due to a

           Search Radius Limit Exceeded Error on FGS-2.

           Pre-acquisition OBADs attitude correction values not available due to

           LOS. Post-acq OBAD/MAP has (RSS) value of 66.26 arcseconds.

 

           Subsequent REacq(2,1,1) at 260/04:50:04 failed to RGA Hold due to a

           Search Radius Limit Exceeded Error on FGS-2. REacqs at 260/0314:51,

           260/06:28:38 were successful.

 

 

COMPLETED OPS REQUEST: (None)

 

COMPLETED OPS NOTES: (None)

 

                       SCHEDULED      SUCCESSFUL   

FGS GSacq               18                  17       

FGS REacq               24                  22     

OBAD with Maneuver 82                  82              

 

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS:

 

Flash Report: NICMOS Defocus Test

 

The 1st observation for the NICMOS on-orbit PAM defocus test was

successfully completed Thursday. STScI has performed a quick-look

analysis of the science data and they are happy with the initial

results.   A second flash report will be sent out after the second set of

observations.

 

 

-Lynn
____________________________________________________________
Lynn F. Bassford
Hubble Space Telescope
CHAMP Mission Operations Manager

CHAMP Flight Operations Team Manager
Lockheed Martin Mission Services (LMMS)

NASA GSFC PH#: 301-286-2876

"The Hubble Space Telescope is the astronomical observatory and key to unlocking the most cosmic mysteries of the past, present and future."    - 7/26/6