The 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to Daniel Schechtman of the Technion--Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. Schechtman discovered what are called quasicrystals. Sven Lidin of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on the atoms and clusters within a quasicrystal: “It is perfectly ordered, it is infinite--and yet it never repeats itself.”

Such patterns can be seen in Islamic mosaics and the tilings of mathematical physicist Roger Penrose. “Daniel Schechtman’s discovery was to show that they existed also in chemical systems…the most important thing about the quasicrystals are their meaning for fundamental science. They have rewritten the first chapter in the textbooks of ordered matter.