Abstract: We present a new expansion of the Polar Wind Outflow Model (PWOM) to include kinetic ions using the Particle-in-Cell (PIC) approach with Monte Carlo collisions. This implementation uses the original hydrodynamic solution at low altitudes for efficiency, and couples to the kinetic solution at higher altitudes to account for kinetic effects important for ionospheric out flow. The modeling approach also includes wave-particle interactions, suprathermal electrons, and an hybrid parallel computing...

Source: Including Kinetic Ion Effects in the Coupled Global Ionospheric Outflow Solution